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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 40(5): 1194-1201, 2022. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1405301

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: The mylohyoid muscle, one of the suprahyoid group, forms the floor of the mouth. Its main function is swallowing. It is a margin between the sublingual and the submandibular spaces and is important in the pathway of oral and maxillofacial infection. In prosthodontics, it is one of anatomic landmarks that limits the lingual margin of the mandibular denture. Currently, the muscle receives much interest in the fields of maxillofacial reconstruction and rejuvenation. The hemorrhagic issue around the mandibular lingual region is usually involved with the mylohyoid especially in the dental implant installation. This review covers anatomic features of the mylohyoid muscle with diverse clinical implications.


RESUMEN: El músculo milohioideo es un músculo del grupo suprahioideo que forma el piso de la cavidad oral. Su función principal es la deglución. Es conocido como un límite entre los espacios sublingual y submandibular y es importante en la vía de infección oral y maxilofacial. En la prostodoncia, es uno de los hitos anatómicos que limita el margen lingual de la dentadura mandibular. Actualmente, el músculo recibe mucho interés en los campos de la reconstrucción y el rejuvenecimiento maxilofacial. El problema hemorrágico alrededor de la región lingual mandibular generalmente está relacionado con el músculo milohioideo, especialmente en la instalación de implantes dentales. Esta revisión cubre las características anatómicas del músculo milohioideo con diversas implicaciones clínicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Dentition , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Mouth Floor
2.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1412369

ABSTRACT

Objective: To test the cross-validation of anthropometric prediction equations for appendicular muscle mass (AMM) in older Brazilian women. Methods: Sixty-seven older women (69.84 ± 5.95 years old) underwent anthropometric measurements. AMM (kg) reference values obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (AMMDXA) were compared to 20 anthropometric equations for estimating AMM in older adults. A paired t-test (p > 0.05), standard error of estimate (SEE < 3.50 kg), and r2 > 0.70 confirmed the validity of the equations. The agreement between predictions and the reference was also verified (Bland-Altman analysis of agreement between methods). Results: Four American equations and one Mexican equation were not statistically different from AMMDXA (p > 0.05) but did not present suitable r2 values for validation. The American equation from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), AMM (kg) = (-0.04 × age [years]) + (0.46 × calf circumference [cm]) + (0.32 × arm circumference [cm]) + (0.11 × thigh circumference [cm]) ­ (0.27 × body mass index [BMI, kg/m2 ]) + (0.07 × waist circumference [cm]) ­ 13 119 showed the best performance (r2 = 0.64; SEE = 3.24 kg), with minimal mean difference (0.26 kg), no heteroscedasticity for extreme values, and with high agreement with the Brazilian sample (-3.90 to 3.40 kg). Conclusion: When specific equations for a given population are not available, the use of generic equations of greater sample representativeness with scientifically and reliably analyzed data is allowed.


Objetivo: Testar a validação cruzada das equações antropométricas preditivas da massa muscular apendicular (MMA) em idosas brasileiras. Metodologia: Sessenta e sete idosas (69,84 ± 5,95 anos) foram submetidas a medidas antropométricas. Os valores de referência da MMA (kg) fornecida pela absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia (MMADXA) foi comparada com 20 equações antropométricas preditivas para estimar a MMA para idosos. Teste t pareado (p > 0,05), erro padrão de estimativa (EPE) < 3,50 kg e r2 > 0,70 confirmaram a validade das equações. A concordância entre as previsões e a referência também foi verificada (análise de concordância entre métodos de Bland-Altman). Resultados: Quatro equações americanas e uma equação mexicana não foram estatisticamente diferentes da MMADXA (p > 0,05), mas nenhuma delas apresentou r2 adequado para validação. A equação americana dos dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), MMA (kg) = (-0,04 × idade [anos]) + (0,46 × circunferência da panturrilha [cm]) + (0,32 × circunferência do braço [cm]) + (0,11 × circunferência da coxa [cm]) ­ (0,27 × índice de massa corporal-IMC [kg/m2 ]) + (0,07 × circunferência da cintura [cm]) ­ 13,12 apresentou o melhor desempenho (r2 = 0,64; EPE = 3,24 kg): com diferença média mínima (0,26 kg), sem heterocedasticidade para valores extremos e alta concordância com a amostra brasileira (-3,90 a 3,40 kg). Conclusão: Quando não existem equações específicas para uma determinada população, é permitida a utilização de equações genéricas de maior representatividade amostral, cujos dados tenham sido analisados de forma científica e confiável


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Geriatric Assessment/methods , Anthropometry/methods , Sarcopenia/diagnosis , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Reference Values , Absorptiometry, Photon , Cross-Sectional Studies , Models, Biological
3.
Autops. Case Rep ; 10(2): e2020151, Apr.-June 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1131818

ABSTRACT

The authors describe a rare unilateral muscle variation in the thoracic wall combining the pectoralis quartus and chondro-epitrochlearis muscles. A routine dissection was performed in the upper right limb of a male adult cadaver with approximately 35-50 years of age, embalmed in formalin 10%. An accessory muscle, the pectoralis quartus, was identified and was associated with a tendon that was inserted in the medial humeral epicondyle, characteristic of the chondro-epitrochlearis muscle tendon. Such variations have significant clinical relevance to orthopedics, mastology, neural and vascular surgery, and other specialties, for surgical approaches in both the axillary and brachial regions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Thoracic Wall/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Muscles/abnormalities , Autopsy , Tendons , Dissection , Anatomic Variation
4.
J. Phys. Educ. (Maringá) ; 31: e3171, 2020. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1134692

ABSTRACT

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a atividade mioelétrica (EMG), o tempo sob tensão (TST) e a projeção dos joelhos no exercício agachamento sem o uso de implementos (SI) e com o uso de physioball (PH) e banda elástica (BE) em diferentes intensidades de esforço. Dez homens realizaram o exercício nos três protocolos com a intensidade de 50 e 100% de 10 RM. A distância entre joelhos no protocolo controle (51,25cm) foi menor quando comparada com o SI 50% (84,38cm; p < 0,001), com o SI 100% (88,80cm; p < 0,001) e com BE 100% (67,41cm; p = 0,014). A distância entre os joelhos também foi menor para os protocolos PH 100% (53,10cm; p < 0,001) e BE 100% (67,41cm; p < 0,001) comparada ao SI 100% (88,80cm). O Vasto Medial Oblíquo (VMO) apresentou maior ativação nos protocolos SI 50% (p = 0,035) e PH 50% (p = 0,028) quando comparados ao protocolo BE 50%. A realização do agachamento com cargas submáximas parece aumentar e diminuir a ativação do VMO quando realizado com PH e BE, respectivamente.


ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to analyze the myoelectric activity (EMG), the time under tension (TST) and the knee projection in the squat exercise without the use of implements (SI) and with the use of physioball (PH) and elastic band (EB) at different intensities of effort. Ten men performed the exercise in the three protocols with the intensity of 50 and 100% of 10 RM. The distance between knees in the control protocol (51.25 cm) was lower when compared to SI 50% (84.38 cm, p <0.001), with SI 100% (88.80 cm, p <0.001) and with EB 100% (67.41cm, p = 0.014). The distance between the knees was also lower for the protocols PH 100% (53.10cm, p <0.001) and EB 100% (67.41, p <0.001) compared to the SI 100% (88.80 cm) protocols. The Vasto Medial Oblique (VMO) presented greater activation in the SI 50% protocols (p = 0.035) and PH 50% (p = 0.028) when compared to the EB 50% protocol. The accomplishment of squatting with submaximal loads seems to increase and decrease the activation of VMO when performed with physioball and BE, respectively.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Resistance Training , Knee , Projection , Time , Exercise , Myoelectric Complex, Migrating , Physical Exertion , Genu Varum , Hip/anatomy & histology , Muscle Tonus , Muscles/anatomy & histology
5.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(4): 118-127, out./dez. 2019. il.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1379581

ABSTRACT

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos;supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.


The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.


Subject(s)
Animals , Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology , Wolves/anatomy & histology , Dissection/veterinary , Arm Bones/anatomy & histology , Hand Bones/anatomy & histology , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Anatomy, Veterinary , Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Canidae
6.
Rev. bras. ciênc. vet ; 26(4): 118-127, out./dez. 2019. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1491651

ABSTRACT

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.


The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.


Subject(s)
Animals , Forearm/anatomy & histology , Wolves/anatomy & histology , Forelimb/anatomy & histology , Hindlimb/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology , Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(1): 128-135, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-990017

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Terminologia Histologica (TH) fue confeccionada siguiendo las indicaciones del Comité Federativo Internacional en Terminología Anatómica (FIPAT), sin embargo, no está exenta de errores e incongruencias. Lo anterior se evidencia al analizar el término músculo (TM) cuando se considera: el idioma en que se encuentra, número de palabras utilizadas o si las palabras que la componen efectivamente describen la forma de su estructura. En este contexto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar en la TH el TM y su contexto histórico para proponer cambios consistentes con los lineamientos de la FIPAT. Desde el punto de vista histórico, fue descrito primeramente como un tejido contráctil, con acción capaz de originar movimiento; conformado por dos tendones y un relleno de carne. En el Renacimiento fueron incorporados los ligamentos, nervios, venas y arterias como parte del tejido y en el siglo XIX se reconoce la existencia de dos tipos de músculo, voluntario e involuntario; finalmente, Testut incorpora el término estriado a las fibras musculares. Las principales hallazgos indican que las palabras liso, esquelético y cardíaco tiene su origen en el griego y fueron latinizadas, sin embargo, liso tiene su equivalente en latín que es levis; en el caso del término esquelético proponemos reemplazarlo por osseus, que significa relativo al hueso, ya que es una palabra latina y entrega mayor información para la comprensión de la estructura; el término estriado visceral no cardíaco sería una redundancia; los vocablos visceral y cardíaco expresan relación y/o ubicación del músculo estriado y no forma. Pese a esto, el análisis histórico indica que estos conceptos fueron interiorizados desde el siglo XV y XVI aproximadamente, por lo que sugerir su cambio o eliminación es complejo debido a la cantidad de años que han sido utilizados. En este contexto, sería prudente analizar la posibilidad de ir solamente sobre las redundancias, así el término tejido muscular estriado quedaría con tres subordinadas; tejido muscular estriado óseo, tejido muscular estriado visceral y tejido muscular estriado cardiaco.


SUMMARY: Terminologia Histologica (TH) was prepared following the indications of the International Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT), however, it is not exempt from errors and inconsistencies. the above information is analyzed in the term muscle (TM) when considering the language in which it is found, the number of words that are used and the words that make up the form of its structure. In this context, the objective of this research was an analysis in the context of TM and its historical context to propose changes consistent with the guidelines of the FIPAT. From the historical point of view, it was originally described as a contractile tissue, with action capable of originating movement; Made up of two tendons and a meat filling. In the Renaissance the ligaments, nerves, veins and arteries were incorporated as part of the tissue and in the nineteenth century the existence of two types of muscle was recognized, voluntary and involuntary; Finally, Testut incorporates the term striated muscle fibers. the main findings indicate that the words smooth, skeletal and cardiac have their origin in the Greek and were latinized, however, the smooth one has its equivalent in Latin that is levis; in the case of the skeletal term, it was proposed to replace it with bone, which means relative to the bone, since it is a laita word and provides more information for the understanding of the structure; the term non-cardiac visceral striatum would be a redundancy; the visceral and cardiac terms express relationship and / or location of the striated muscle and no form. Despite this, the historical analysis indicates that these concepts have been internalized since the fifteenth and sixteenth century, so it has been suggested that the problem has been reduced or reduced. In this context, it would be prudent. muscular striated bone tissue, visceral striated muscle tissue and cardiac striated muscle tissue.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anatomy/history , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Terminology as Topic
8.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 38(12): 2278-2283, dez. 2018. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-976432

ABSTRACT

Changes in the spine of dogs are usually detected in clinical and in surgical practice. Few studies exist on musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy of the thoracolumbar and lumbar segments of the normal spine of dogs. This study aimed to compare the normal musculoskeletal ultrasound anatomy of the T10-S1 vertebral segments with images obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and anatomical structures, and to establish the ability to identify structures using these modalities. Ultrasound scans allowed visualization of the muscles of the region, articular processes, spinous process, interspinous ligament, and yellow ligament in the lumbosacral window. Computed tomography images provided better bone details, compared to ultrasound images. Low-field MRI allowed the identification of the same structures identified with ultrasound imaging, and allowed the identification of cerebrospinal fluid, transverse processes, and provided improved detail of the intervertebral discs and spinal cord. Knowledge of ultrasound anatomy of the region may allow the the identification of muscle and ligament injuries. Thus, in cities where CT and MRI are inaccessible, ultrasonography of the region could be a good alternative to identify possible changes not observable with radiographic examination or to complement radiographic examination.(AU)


Alterações na coluna vertebral de cães são comumente encontradas na rotina clínica e cirúrgica veterinária. Existem poucos estudos sobre a anatomia ultrassonográfica musculoesquelética do segmento toracolombar e lombar da coluna vertebral normal de cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a anatomia ultrassonográfica musculoesquelética normal dos segmentos vertebrais T10-S1 com imagens obtidas pela ressonância magnética, tomografia computadorizada e peças anatômicas visando demonstrar a sua capacidade de identificação de estruturas. A varredura ultrassonográfica permitiu a visibilização da musculatura da região, processos articulares, processos espinhosos, ligamentos interespinhosos e ligamento amarelo na janela lombossacra. A tomografia computadorizada forneceu imagens com melhor detalhamento ósseo quando comparada ao exame ultrassonográfico. A ressonância magnética de baixo campo permitiu a identificação das mesmas estruturas que o exame ultrassonográfico acrescido da identificação do líquido cerebroespinal, processos transversos e melhor detalhamento dos discos intervertebrais e medula espinhal. Com o conhecimento da anatomia ultrassonográfica da região, acredita-se que lesões musculares e ligamentares possam ser identificadas. Vale salientar que em cidades onde a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética não estejam acessíveis a ultrassonografia da região pode ser uma boa alternativa para identificar possíveis alterações não visibilizadas ao exame radiográfico, ou complementá-lo.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Ultrasonography/veterinary , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Lumbar Vertebrae/injuries , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Lumbar Vertebrae/abnormalities
9.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(4): 1161-1167, Dec. 2018. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975675

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of four different training models, two aerobic and two anaerobic models, in relation to muscular hypertrophy, by means of morphometric analysis of the muscle cells of the soleus muscle and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL). The animals were divided into five groups, control (C), aerobic training in swimming (ATS), resistance training in water (RTW), aerobic training on a treadmill (ATT), and resistance training in climbing (RTC). The aerobic training was performed at 70 % of the anaerobic threshold for 30 minutes, while the RTW was composed of 3 series of 10 jumps, and the RTC 4 series of climbs, both at 80 % of the maximum load. All training protocols were performed for a total period of 4 weeks, 3 times per week. The diameters of the muscle cells were measured by means of histological slides of the EDL and soleus muscles. For the EDL muscle, there was no difference between the ATS and ATT aerobic training models (p = 0.20). However, the RTW presented greater hypertrophy when compared to the RTC (p <0.01). Regarding the soleus muscle, the ATS was responsible for generating greater hypertrophy than the ATT (p <0.01). In addition, the RTC was more efficient at producing hypertrophy than the RTW (p <0.01). In this way, it was concluded that exercise adaptation was according to exercise type, aerobic or anaerobic, and not to the modality used.


RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los efectos de cuatro diferentes modelos de entrenamiento, dos aeróbicos y dos anaeróbicos en la hipertrofia muscular en ratas, a través del análisis morfométrico de las células musculares de los músculos sóleo y extensor largo de los dedos (ELD). Los animales fueran divididos en cinco grupos: control (C), entrenamiento aeróbico en natación (TAN), entrenamiento resistido en medio acuático (TRA), entrenamiento resistido en escalada (TRE) y entrenamiento aeróbico en estera rodante (TRE). Los entrenamientos aeróbicos fueron realizados a 70 % del umbral anaeróbico, durante 30 minutos, en cuanto los TRA fueron realizados por 3 series de 10 saltos y el TRE, 4 series de escaladas, ambos a la intensidad de 80 % de la carga máxima. Todos los protocolos de entrenamientos fueron realizados tres veces a la semana por un período de 4 semanas. Fueron demarcados los diámetros de las células musculares de los músculos ELD y sóleo por medio de láminas histológicas. En el músculo ELD no se pudo observar diferencia entre los modelos de entrenamiento aeróbico TAN y TAE (p=0,20). Además, el TRA demostró mayor hipertrofia comparado al TRE (p<0,01). Con relación al músculo sóleo, el TAN fue responsable de generar mayor hipertrofia respecto al TRA (p<0,01). De este modo es posible concluir que la adaptación depende del tipo de ejercicio, aeróbico o anaeróbico, y no en función de la modalidad utilizada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Exercise/physiology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Muscles/physiology , Physical Endurance , Swimming/physiology , Body Weight , Adaptation, Physiological , Rats, Wistar , Hypertrophy
10.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(2): 533-540, June 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893017

ABSTRACT

The estuarine crustaceans are exposed to frequent and abrupt environmental salinity changes that involve adjustments at different levels in muscle tissue. The histochemical composition of fiber types of the claw closer muscle of Cyrtograpsus angulatus and Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851) under hyper regulatory conditions was analyzed. Cryosections of the muscle were treated with myosin-adenosine triphosphatase (m-ATPase), succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Sudan Black B. The mean diameters, the relative area and the proportion of each muscle fiber type were calculated. Types I and IV would belong to 'extreme' groups, whereas types II and III would be considered 'intermediate'. Type I fibers were large and exhibited a weak reaction to all techniques; type IV fibers were small and reacted strongly to histochemical tests. Types II and III prevailed in C. angulatus whereas type II predominated in N. granulata. Type IV fibers were absent in C. angulatus and scarce in N. granulata. The claw closer muscle of N. granulata and C. angulatus exhibited differential responses under reduced salinity at a histochemical level. Therefore, the existence of different adjustment mechanisms facing salinity stress is suggested.


Los crustáceos estuariales están expuestos a cambios frecuentes y abruptos en la salinidad ambiental que requieren ajustes a diferentes niveles en el tejido muscular. Se analizó la composición histoquímica de tipos de fibras del músculo de cierre de las quelas de Cyrtograpsus angulatus y Neohelice granulata (Dana, 1851) en condiciones de hiperregulación. Secciones de crióstato fueron tratadas con miosín-adenosín trifosfatasa (m-ATPasa), succinato deshidrogenasa (SDH), ácido periódico Schiff (PAS) y Sudan Black B. Se calcularon el diámetro promedio, el área y la proporción relativa de cada tipo de fibra. Los tipos I y IV serían grupos "extremos", mientras que los tipos II y III "intermedios". Las fibras del tipo I, de gran tamaño, exhibieron una reacción débil con todas las técnicas; las fibras del tipo IV, pequeñas, reaccionaron intensamente frente a los tests histoquímicos. Los tipos II y III predominaron en C. angulatus, mientras que el tipo II fue el más abundante en N. granulata. Las fibras del tipo IV fueron escasas en N. granulata y no se observaron en C. angulatus. El músculo de cierre de las quelas de N. granulata y C. angulatus exhibió respuestas diferenciales a nivel histoquímico en condiciones de salinidad reducida. De este modo, se sugiere la existencia de diferentes mecanismos de ajuste frente al estrés salino.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Brachyura , Salinity , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Muscles/metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Adaptation, Physiological
11.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(1): 351-356, Mar. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-840977

ABSTRACT

Para la enseñanza de la Anatomía siempre se está en búsqueda de alternativas para la conservación y presentación de preparados anatómicos, realizando variaciones de diferentes técnicas, que permitan presentar especímenes con fines didácticos, para lograr un mejor aprendizaje, comprensión y motivación por la Morfología. El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar una combinación de osteotecnia más la conservación de músculos, en un montaje único que permite estudiar en una mitad el esqueleto, y en la otra, la musculatura superficial de un Canis lupus familiaris. Se utilizó un cadáver del especimen fijado por congelación, luego se realizó una limpieza general, extracción de vísceras y retiro de tegumentos previo al corte sagital. En la mitad derecha se realizó la limpieza de los huesos mediante ebullición combinada con métodos mecánicos y posteriormente, el desengrasado y blanqueado de ellos previo al ensamble del esqueleto. Para la conservación de músculos la mitad izquierda del cuerpo fue sumergida en "solución fijadora conservadora chilena" libre de formol, por 31 días, tras lo cual se realizó la disección de fascias y tejido graso para delimitar músculos superficiales. Una vez tratado cada segmento, se procedió al montaje combinado de las mitades en posición anatómica del espécimen, usando suturas desde craneal a caudal, sobre pedestales. La técnica utilizada de montaje combinado proporciona un material anatómico-didáctico flexible, de bajo costo y escasa toxicidad, con la potencialidad de permitir reforzar de manera interactiva el aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes, facilitando la observación y estudio de la topografía de huesos y músculos.


The teaching of anatomy is always in search of alternatives for the preservation and presentation of anatomical preparations, doing variations of different techniques that allow to present specimens with didactic goals so as to get a better learning, comprehension and motivation for morphology. The purpose of this study was to use a combination of osteotecnia and the preservations of muscles in a unique assembly allowing to study half of the skeleton and, in the other, the superficial muscles of a Canis lupus familiaris. A corpse of the specimen was used, fixed by freezing; then, a general cleaning was carried out, extraction of viscera and removal of teguments before the sagittal cut. On the right half, using boiling combined with mechanical methods and, subsequently, their degreasing and bleaching, prior to the skeleton's assembly carried out the cleaning of the bones. For the preservation of muscles, the left half of the body was submerged in a "Chilean preserving and fixative solution" free from formaldehyde for 31 days, following the dissection of fascia and fatty tissue to delimit superficial muscles. Once each segment is treated, the combined assembly of the halves is made in anatomical position of the specimen, using stitches from cranial to caudal, over pedestals. The utilized technique of combined assembly provides a flexible didactic-anatomical material, of low-cost and low-toxicity, with the potentiality to allow reinforcing in an interactive way the meaningful learning of the students, making the observation easier as well as the study of topography of bones and muscles.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anatomy/methods , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Tissue Preservation/methods , Models, Anatomic , Teaching Materials
12.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(11): 1127-1131, Nov. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-842011

ABSTRACT

New World primates Sapajus sp. unexpectedly display cognitive aspects, tool use, social behavior, memory and anatomical aspects similar to Old World primates, such as chimpanzees and baboons. Convergent evolutionary aspects must have occurred between Sapajus and Old World primates and should be verified not only in terms of behavior analysis, but also of anatomical structure. The pelvic region can provide data for evolutionary verification trends, since taking standing position is one of the characteristics associated to the use of tools by early humans and pongids. We used eight specimens of Sapajus libidinosus to describe the deep muscular structure of the pelvis. Unlike humans, the gluteus medius muscle in S. libidinosus is completely covered by the gluteus maximus and elongated as compared to humans and chimpanzees, putatively by the elongated pelvis of S. libidinosus. Considering origin and insertion, the gluteus maximus muscle resembles more its counterpart in baboons than in humans and chimpanzees, since this muscle in baboons is associated to semibiped posture and to the tail. Gluteus minimum, piriformis, superior gemellus, internal shutter, gemellus and lower square muscles are positioned in this order in relation to the cranial-caudal axis, with all of its tendons converging for a common insertion in the greater trochanter. The muscles of the gluteal region of S. libidinosus are similar to the baboon, especially regarding the gluteus maximus, which points to the evolutionary kinship of these animals.(AU)


Os Sapajus sp apresentam aspectos cognitivos, uso de ferramentas, comportamento social e memória, além de aspectos anatômicos, similares à primatas do Velho Mundo, como chimpanzés e babuínos, fatos inesperados para estes animais, que são primatas do Novo Mundo. Aspectos evolutivos convergentes devem ter ocorrido entre Sapajus e primatas do Velho Mundo que devem ser verificados não somente em termos de análise do comportamento, mas da estrutura anatômica. A região pélvica pode fornecer dados para a verificação de tendências evolucionárias, pois assumir a posição bípede é uma das características associadas ao uso de ferramentas pelos humanos primitivos e pongídeos. Para descrever a estrutura muscular profunda da pelve, foram utilizados oito espécimes de Sapajus libidinosus. O músculo glúteo médio em S. libidinosus, diferente de humanos, é totalmente recoberto pelo glúteo máximo, é alongado em relação aos humanos e chimpanzés, putativamente pela pelve alongada dos S. libidinosus. O músculo glúteo máximo se assemelha, considerando origem e inserção mais aos babuínos do que em humanos e chimpanzés, uma vez que em babuínos esse músculo está associado à postura semibípede e à cauda. Os músculos glúteo mínimo, piriforme, gêmeo superior, obturador interno, gêmeo inferior e quadrado estão posicionados nesta ordem em relação ao eixo crânio-caudal com todos seus tendões convergindo para uma inserção comum no trocânter maior. Os músculos da região glútea de S. libidinosus são semelhantes ao babuíno principalmente no que se refere ao músculo glúteo máximo, o que reflete o parentesco evolutivo desses animais.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Buttocks/anatomy & histology , Cebus/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Body Weights and Measures/veterinary , Primates/anatomy & histology
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(2): 451-453, June 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-787019

ABSTRACT

Two unreported sesamoid cartilages were found inside tendon of insertion of both muscle biceps brachii and muscle brachialis in the dog. This find adds remarkable facts envolving Anatomy, Comparative Anatomy and Clinic and Biomechanics of the elbow joint in the dog. Statistics also emphasize the importance of traumatological incidences on elbow joint in veterinary.


Dos cartílagos sesamoideos no reportados se encontraron en el interior del tendón de inserción de los músculos bíceps braquial (M. Biceps brachii) y Braquial (M. Brachialis) en el perro. Este hallazgo se suma a importantes hechos que comprometen la Anatomía, Anatomía Comparada, Clínica y Biomecánica de la articulación del codo en el perro. Además, la casuística veterinaria también hace hincapié en importantes incidencias traumatológicas en dicha articulación.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Dogs/anatomy & histology , Elbow/anatomy & histology , Joints/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology
14.
Int. j. morphol ; 34(1): 7-12, Mar. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-780467

ABSTRACT

This work aims to describe the morphology of dorsal and ventral cephalic musculature in five species of genus Urotrygon. Muscular differences were observed, mainly in the development level. Muscles showing certain degree of variation in the dorsal region were the cucullaris and the ethmoideo-parethmoidalis. In ventral view, higher variation was observed. Muscles showing differences were the depressor rostri, the depressor hyomandibularis, the preorbitalis medial, the coracohioideus, and the depressor mandibularis. Urotrygon aspidurus was the species with the largest differences, as it has no mandibular depressor, and the rostral depressor is quite developed. The shape and arrangement of cephalic musculature in Urotrygon is similar to that reported for genus Urolophus and Dasyatis, however, it is different from that of most specialized myliobatoids.


El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo describir la morfología de la musculatura cefálica dorsal y ventral de cinco especies del género Urotrygon. En los músculos de la región cefálica dorsal y ventral se observaron diferencias, principalmente en el grado de desarrollo. Los músculos que mostraron cierto grado de variación en la región dorsal fueron el cucularis y el etmoideo paraetmoidal. En vista ventral los músculos que mostraron diferencias fueron el depresor rostral, el depresor hiomandibular, el preorbitalis medial, el coracohioideus y el depresor mandibular. Urotrygon aspidurus fue la especie que mostró mayores diferencias ya que no presenta el músculo depresor mandibular, y el depresor rostral está muy desarrollado. La forma y disposición de la musculatura cefálica de Urotrygon es similar a la reportada para especies de los géneros Urolophus y Dasyatis, sin embargo, es diferente a la de los miliobatoideos más especializados.


Subject(s)
Animals , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Head/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology
15.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 36(2): 136-140, fev. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-777386

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se descrever os músculos do membro torácico da paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766), mediante dissecação anatômica dessa região. Foram utilizadas cinco Cuniculus paca adultas, machos e fêmeas, pesando entre cinco e 10kg do plantel de pacas do setor de Animais Silvestres da FCAV, Unesp, Jaboticabal/SP. Os animais foram fixados em formoldeído a 10% e conservados em solução salina a 30% para dissecação anatômica da musculatura do ombro, braço e antebraço, identificando-se a origem e inserção de cada músculo. Os resultados foram fotodocumentados e discutidos com base na literatura sobre animais domésticos, ratos e cobaias. Salvo algumas variâncias na origem e inserção de cada músculo e na fusão dos ventres de alguns grupos musculares, de forma geral, a musculatura do ombro, braço e antebraço da paca assemelha-se a dos animais domésticos e a de outros roedores.


The objective was to describe the forelimb muscles of paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766), by anatomical dissection of this region. Five adult male and female C. paca, weighing 5-10kg, from the Department of Wild Animals, FCAV-Unesp, Jaboticabal/SP, were used. The animals were fixed in formaldehyde 10% and stored in saline 30% for anatomic dissection of the muscles of shoulder, arm and forearm, identifying the origin and insertion of each muscle. The results were photodocumented and discussed based on the literature of domestic animals, rats and guinea pigs. Unless some variances in the origin and insertion of each muscle and fusion of bellies of some muscle groups, in general, the muscles of shoulder, arm and forearm of paca resemble the ones of domestic animals and other rodents.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cuniculidae/anatomy & histology , Pectoralis Muscles/anatomy & histology , Thorax/anatomy & histology , Animals, Wild/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Rodentia/anatomy & histology
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 67(3): 909-917, May-Jun/2015. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-753909

ABSTRACT

A exploração comercial de jacaré-do-Pantanal (Caiman yacare) constitui importante cadeia produtiva no Estado de Mato Grosso. As características nutricionais e representatividade na massa corporal de crocodilianos tornaram a região da cauda objeto de estudos morfofisiológicos, evolutivos e tecnológicos. Como inexiste a caracterização anatômica dos músculos e ossos que constituem os cortes comerciais dessa região, objetivou-se descrever os músculos e correspondentes bases ósseas da cauda. Na descrição óssea, foram utilizados um exemplar adulto e seis juvenis. Para caracterização muscular, 24 espécimes juvenis foram conservados em freezer e dissecados a fresco, em ambos os antímeros, para verificação de simetria de ocorrência, fixações musculares, relacões de sintopia, forma e arquitetura muscular. As vértebras caudais são procélicas, exceto a primeira da série, e possuem na superfície ventral do corpo áreas para articulação com os processos hemais, exceto a primeira e as quatro ou cinco últimas. Os cortes comerciais da região são o filé de cauda, composto pelos músculos semiespinhal caudal, longuíssimo caudal, ilioisquiocaudal, caudofemoral longo, transverso e profundo da cauda, enquanto o corte ponta de cauda é constituído pelos músculos longuíssimo caudal e ilioisquiocaudal, com as cinco ou seis últimas vértebras caudais.


The commercial exploitation of the Yacare Caiman (Caiman yacare) has become a relevant commodity in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Crocodilian's tail muscles nutritional characteristics and representativeness in body mass became the object of morphophysiological technological and evolutionary studies. The aim of this research was to report, for the first time, the anatomical characterization of muscle and bone bases of Pantanal Caiman meat cuts obtained from the tail. To describe the bones, we used one adult and six juvenile specimens of Pantanal Caiman. In order to study the muscle, 24 juvenile individuals were slaughtered and skinned, preserved in a -20oC freezer and thawed at the time of use, without any fixation. After evisceration, the specimens were dissected on both sides to verify structural symmetry, muscle attachments, sintopy relations, shape and muscular architecture. Caudal vertebrae are procoelous, except for the first of the series, and have sites on the ventral surface of their body where the hemal processes articulate, with the exception of the first and the last four or five vertebrae. The commercial meat cuts of the tail are the tail sirloin, composed of semispinal caudal, longissimus caudal, ilioischiocaudal, long caudofemoral, transverse and deep of the tail muscles, and also the tail tip, consisting of the longissimus caudal and ilioischiocaudal muscles, based on the last five or six caudal vertebrae.


Subject(s)
Animals , Tail/anatomy & histology , Alligators and Crocodiles/anatomy & histology , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology , Meat/classification
18.
Rev. bras. cir. plást ; 30(3): 345-351, 2015. tab, ilus
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1093

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: O músculo latíssimo do dorso (MLD) é um importante elemento da parede látero-posterior do tórax. A aplicabilidade do MLD em cirurgia plástica é reconhecida por sua anatomia constante, sendo indicado, na reconstrução mamária, na microcirurgia, nas reconstruções de membros superiores, entre outros, tornando-se um retalho versátil em cirurgia reconstrutora. Sua representação em livros e estudos anatômicos apresentam controvérsias. Mathes & Nahai expressam que a posição do MLD é configurada em uma localização onde o músculo encontra-se em segmento torácico látero-posterior, mas com uma representação mais posterior que lateral. Um grande número de anatomistas escreve da mesma forma. O objetivo é o de discutir e descrever a real posição do MLD por meio do estudo da sua anatomia e comparação com imagens publicadas em livros. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se a descrição e representação anatômica do MLD em desenhos publicados em livros e artigos de autores clássicos. Os desenhos foram comparados com o estudo da anatomia vásculo-nervosa e muscular do MLD durante a dissecção, na posição de Decúbito Dorsal (DD), de 47 cadáveres frescos. RESULTADOS: O estudo da descrição e representação anatômica do MLD em livros de autores consultados, comparada com a dissecção em DD de cadáveres frescos, permitiu conhecer que estes autores identificam o MLD em uma posição mais posterior do que a encontrada na anatomia. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo identifica a posição do MLD com uma representação mais anterior do que os desenhos dos livros estudados. A rotação e individualização do MLD com o paciente em decúbito dorsal é uma abordagem segura.


INTRODUCTION: The latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) is an important element in the lateroposterior wall of the thorax. The LDM is valued in plastic surgery for its constant anatomy, and its use is recommended for mammary reconstruction, microsurgery, and upper limb reconstruction among other procedures, which makes it a versatile flap for reconstructive surgery. However, its representation in books and anatomical studies is controversial. Mathes & Nahai described that the position of the LDM is configured in a location where the muscle is found in the lateroposterior thoracic segment but with a more posterior than lateral representation. A great number of anatomists share the same opinion. The objective of this study was to discuss and describe the real position of the LDM through study of its anatomy and comparison with images published in books. METHODS: We studied the anatomical description and representation of the LDM in drawings published in books and articles by classical authors. The drawings were compared with the neurovascular and muscular anatomy of the LDM during its dissection from 47 fresh cadavers in the dorsal decubitus (DD) position. RESULTS: Study of the anatomical description and representation of the LDM in the revised books compared with the dissection of fresh corpses in the DD position revealed that the published authors described the LDM in a more posterior position than that found in the body. CONCLUSION: This study identified the LDM position as being more anterior than that described by drawings in published books. LDM rotation and individualization with the patient in a DD position is a safe approach.


Subject(s)
Humans , History, 21st Century , Surgery, Plastic , Cadaver , Supine Position , Thoracic Wall , Superficial Back Muscles , Anatomy, Comparative , Anatomy, Regional , Microsurgery , Muscles , Thoracic Wall/anatomy & histology , Superficial Back Muscles/anatomy & histology , Superficial Back Muscles/surgery , Anatomy, Comparative/methods , Anatomy, Regional/methods , Muscles/anatomy & histology
19.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(2): 703-708, jun. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-714332

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar y comparar la composición corporal de deportistas chilenos juveniles destacados, pertenecientes a las selecciones nacionales en el año 2011, de diferentes disciplinas deportivas mediante métodos antropométricos. Fueron evaluados 4 grupos de deportistas juveniles de alto rendimiento, con un número total de 92 individuos, pertenecientes a las disciplinas de lucha olímpica, halterofilia, básquetbol y fútbol. La Masa Muscular de los miembros superiores (MMES) es mayor en basquetbolistas y Halterofilistas con 7,49 (±1,25) y 7,50 (±2,54) kg respectivamente, al ser comparado con futbolistas, quienes obtuvieron un promedio de 5,27 (±0,37) kg. Por otra parte la lucha olímpica posee un promedio de masa muscular de 6,46 (±1,50) kg, la cual está por debajo de los basquetbolistas y Halterofilistas, debido a que la utilización de los miembros superiores es menor que en las disciplinas anteriormente mencionadas, pero a su vez, es mayor que la de los futbolistas. No se aprecian diferencias importantes en la masa muscular total, pero que son marcadas en la masa muscular por segmentos. Concluimos que la estimación de la masa muscular total, no es un elemento suficiente para determinar y predecir el rendimiento deportivo de los sujetos, a diferencia de la segmentación de la masa muscular que permite comparar de mejor forma, la manera en que se distribuye este componente en las distintas disciplinas deportivas, mejorando la especificidad del conocimiento.


The aim of this study was to determine and compare by anthropometric methods, the body composition of elite young Chilean athletes, who were part of the 2011 national team in different sports. Four groups of elite young athletes were evaluated, with a total number of 92 individuals belonging to the wrestling, weightlifting, basketball and football disciplines. The muscle mass of the upper extremities (MMES) is higher in basketball players and bodybuilders with 7.49 (±1.25) and 7.50 (±2.54) kg respectively, when compared with players who scored an average of 5.27 (±0.37) kg. Moreover, wrestling has an average muscle mass of 6.46 (±1.50) kg which is below that of basketball players and bodybuilders, because the use of upper limbs is less than in disciplines mentioned above, but in turn, is greater than that of football players. No significant differences in total muscle mass are reported, however, there are marked differences in muscle mass segment. We concluded that the estimate of total muscle mass is not sufficient basis to determine and predict athletic performance of the subjects. Muscle mass segment on the other hand, provides a better comparison range for the way in which this component is distributed among different sports disciplines, improving specific knowledge and information.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Young Adult , Body Composition , Athletes , Muscles/anatomy & histology , Chile , Anthropometry
20.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 66(2): 583-592, Jan.-Apr. 2014. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-709301

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de diferentes níveis de glicerina na alimentação sobre a qualidade da carne de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 30 machos castrados e 30 fêmeas que apresentaram peso inicial de 79,3±4,0kg. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados (peso inicial) em esquema fatorial 2 × 4 + 2, sendo duas categorias sexuais (macho castrado e fêmea), quatro níveis de glicerina bruta (50, 100, 150 e 200g/kg) e dois grupos controle (macho castrado e fêmea alimentados com dieta sem glicerina), totalizando dez tratamentos com seis repetições e a unidade experimental representada por um animal. Após o abate, foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas e centesimais dos músculos Longissimus dorsi (lombo) e Semimembranosus (pernil) do lado esquerdo das carcaças. Os resultados mostraram interação entre os níveis de glicerina e sexo para a intensidade de vermelho e cinzas no pernil. Observou-se que, nos corte do lombo, o pH final dos machos castrados foi maior do que o das fêmeas suínas. Os resultados indicaram que suínos machos castrados apresentaram maior teor de extrato etéreo no pernil e no lombo quando comparados às fêmeas. No pernil, o teor de cinzas das fêmeas suínas foi superior ao dos machos castrados. Entretanto, no lombo, não se verificou influência dos níveis de glicerina sobre a composição centesimal. Contudo, apesar de o uso da glicerina ter ocasionado modificação na cor vermelha e teor de cinzas no pernil de machos castrados, de forma geral não provocou mudanças relevantes sobre as características físico-químicas e centesimais da carne de suínos, podendo ser utilizada até o nível de 200g/kg na alimentação desses animais...


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of providing different levels of glycerin in the diet on meat quality of finishing pigs. 30 barrow and 30 female pigs were used, with initial weight of 79.3±4.0kg. A randomized block design was used (initial weight) in a factorial 2 x 4 + 2, being two sex categories (barrow and female), four levels of crude glycerin (50, 100, 150 and 200g/kg) and two control groups (barrow and female fed diet without glycerin), in a total of ten treatments with six replications and the experimental unit represented by an animal. After slaughter were carried out the physico-chemical and centesimal analysis of Longissimus dorsi (loin) and Semimembranosus (ham) on the left side of the carcasses. The results showed interaction between barrows and levels of glycerin to the redness and ash of the ham. It was observed that in the loin cut the final pH of the barrows was higher than the female pigs. The results indicate that barrows had higher ether extract content in the ham and loin compared to females. In the shank, the ash content of sows was higher than that of barrows. However, in the loin, there was no influence of the levels of glycerin on chemical composition. Nevertheless, despite the use of glycerin having caused changes in the red color and ash content in the leg of castrated males, in general it did not cause significant changes on the physico-chemical and centesimal characteristics of pork and can be used up to the level of 200g/kg in the feed of these animals...


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Animal Feed , Meat/classification , Glycerol/administration & dosage , Swine/growth & development , Food Quality , Muscles/anatomy & histology
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